When are C-Spine Radiographs Needed?
The Canadian Spine Rules and the NEXUS Spine Rules provide important algorithms to determine if radiographs are needed.
The Patella – More than Just a Sesamoid Bone
Although the patellofemoral joint is not a true articulation, is serves a very important purpose. As the largest sesamoid bone in the body, it forms the least congruent joint in the body.
Functional Lower Extremity Tests
There are several tests available for assessing the return to play. Six lower extremity functional tests are discussed to assess strength, symmetry, balance, and/or agility.
Are You Double Jointed?
When joint hypermobility is bilateral, one needs to explore systemic issues. Connective tissue disorders may be a contributing factor. The Beighton tests can help assess the magnitude of joint laxity.
The “Other” Cruciate Ligament, AKA PCL
The posterior cruciate (PCL) is composed of two bands that blend together. It attaches to the posterior intercondylar area and passes anterosuperiorly to insert into the lateral surface of the medial femoral condyle. The PCL is responsible for posterior translation of the tibia on the femur in open kinetic chain and anterior translation of the femur on the tibia in closed kinetic chain.